小麦常见虫害有哪些 如何防治 防治方法和特效药

时间:2023-07-01 17:01:50

秋季小麦已经开始种植了,在小麦种植过程中经常会遇到病虫害问题,严重影响了小麦的产量和品质。下面小编就和您讲讲小麦病虫害的综合防治技术,我们一起来看看吧!

小麦主要虫害及其防治方法

1、小麦蚜虫

小麦蚜虫是小麦的重要害虫之一,又称腻虫或蜜虫,属于同翅目昆虫。蚜虫主要集中在小麦的茎、叶、穗等部位,吸食该部位的汁液,影响小麦的光合作用,造成小麦减产,严重时可造成30%以上的损失。

2、小麦吸浆虫

小麦吸浆虫是小麦的主要害虫之一,具有毁灭性,普遍存在于世界上的小麦种植国家。小麦吸浆虫主要吸食灌浆期的小麦汁液,造成小麦秕粒、空壳,严重时甚至导致小麦绝收。

3、小麦赤霉病

小麦赤霉病是一种真菌性病害,是小麦的主要病害之一,通常发生在潮湿、半潮湿的区域。小麦赤霉病可发生在小麦生长的各个时期,尤其在抽穗期,造成小麦的大量减产,严重时可减产40%左右。

4、小麦纹枯病

小麦纹枯病是我国麦区常发生的病害,主要由谷丝核菌和立枯丝核菌侵染引起的。小麦一旦发生纹枯病,在其发育的各个阶段会出现烂芽、病苗枯死、花秆烂茎等症状,严重影响小麦灌浆、结实不良,造成小麦的大幅减产,严重时可致小麦绝收。

5、小麦锈病

小麦锈病又名小麦黄疸病,分为条锈、叶锈和秆锈,在全国大部分麦区均有发生,危害相当严重。2017年,山东自4月20日发现小麦条锈病以来,扩展蔓延迅速,全省发生范围和面积均超过大发生的1990年。目前东疏镇小麦条锈病病情和扩散蔓延态势已基本控制。

6、小麦白粉病

小麦白粉病是一种世界性的病害,在各个小麦产区均有发生,可侵害小麦的各个部位,其中以叶片和叶鞘为主,其传播速度较快。

7、小麦叶枯病

小麦叶枯病是近年来发生的一种病害,主要发生在小麦抽穗期,以感染小麦叶片和叶鞘为主,通常有3片叶片感染时可引起发病。小麦叶枯病会引起小麦枯死,导致小麦质量和产量明显下降。

小麦病虫害的发生严重降低了小麦的产量,给广大的农民朋友带来巨大的经济损失,不利于农业的可持续发展。因此,病虫害的防治十分重要。通过适当的防治方法,不仅能够控制病虫害的发生,还能降低防治成本,确保小麦产量,实现优质高产高效,增加农民收入

化学防治方法

适当晚播、控制播种量、控制前期施肥量、增施磷钾肥和降低田间湿度等措施。选用抗(耐)病品种,进行药剂种子处理和包衣,压低冬前发病高峰。早春进行药剂喷雾防治,控制病害的发展和减少损失。苯醚甲环唑、噻呋酰胺等,它们对小麦纹枯病均有良好的防治效果。

目前较为有效的方法是:

1、选用具有杀菌功能的药肥进行种肥同播,有较好的防效。

2、选用具有抑菌杀菌的功能性的微生物菌剂同播,功能性微生物将在秸秆中繁殖生存,起到抑制和酶溶有害病菌的作用,连续用两年后,大量有益菌微生的生存,减轻病害的发生并产生大量的代谢产物,包括生物酶、氨基酸、生物刺激素来疏松土壤,活化矿物质刺激根生长起到增产作用。

让秸秆还田起到良好的经济效果。选择功能性菌剂含解淀粉、枯草、胶冻样芽孢的复合型微生物菌剂。镰刀菌根腐病茎基部芽鞘和叶鞘变褐,小麦根冠和根变褐。成株期:叶鞘和茎基节形成黄褐至灰黄色纵条晕斑。上部叶鞘和茎节往往也会有褐色病斑,湿度高时,基部1、2节上会出现粉红色霉层。水肥管理差的发病重,盐碱地发生重,排水差或高坡地发生重,拔节、抽穗期的干旱过程加重病害表现。

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